Enhancement of merocyanine 540-mediated phototherapy by salicylate

Merocyanine 540 (MC540) is a photosensitizing dye of potential use in the purging of cancer cells from autologous bone marrow explants. Treatment of marrow with MC540, followed by illumination with visible light, selectively kills neoplastic cells while sparing a sufficient number of stem cells to allow marrow engraftment. The photodynamic action of MC540 is thought to be mediated by reactive oxygen species, particularly singlet oxygen. We have previously shown that salicylic acid (SA) scavenges MC540-generated singlet oxygen. In this work, we sought to abrogate MC540-mediated cell killing of murine L1210 and human K562 leukemia cells with salicylate. Paradoxically, the presence of salicylate during illumination in the presence of MC540 appreciably enhanced cell killing. Enhancement was dependent on salicylate concentration in the range 0.1 to 10 mM, with 1.0 mM SA potentiating the MC540-mediated reduction in survival of L1210 and K562 cells by factors of 2.7 and 1.9, respectively. Neither preincubation with SA followed by washing prior to illumination nor addition of SA following illumination altered MC540-mediated cell killing, indicating that potentiation was dependent on the presence of SA during illumination. Illumination in the presence of salicylate alone did not diminish cell viability. In addition to SA, a number of structurally related compounds including dihydroxybenzoic acids, aspirin, and sodium benzoate also enhanced MC540-mediated cell killing. Potentiation of leukemic cell killing by salicylate could provide a basis for enhancing the clinical efficacy of MC540-mediated phototherapy.