Proteomics analysis reveals the antagonistic interaction between high CO 2 and warming in the adaptation of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii in future oceans

While it is known that warming and rising CO level might interactively affect the long-term adaptation of marine diatoms, the molecular and physiological mechanisms underlying these interactions in the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii on an evolutionary scale remain largely unexplored. In this study, we investigated the changes in metabolic pathways and physiological responses of T. weissflogii under long-term ocean acidification and/or warming conditions (∼3.5 years), integrating proteomics analyses and physiological measurements. Our findings reveal that proteins involved in central carbon metabolisms (e.g., tricarboxylic acid cycle and glycolysis) and fatty acid metabolism were significantly up-regulated in the long-term warming-adapted populations. However, the long-term adaptation to high CO acted antagonistically with warming, slowing down the central carbon metabolism and fatty acid metabolism by down-regulating protein expressions in the key metabolic pathways of the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle. Additionally, amino acid synthesis was accelerated in the long-term warming and its combination with high CO -adapted populations. Physiological measurements further supported these findings, showing altered growth rates and metabolic activity under the combined warming and high CO conditions. Our results provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underpinning the antagonistic interaction between high CO and warming on marine phytoplankton in the context of global change.