Fulvic acid inhibits the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes by activating the Ca 2+ /CaMKⅡ/AMPK pathway

Type 2 diabetes increases the risk of developing obesity. Although fulvic acid alleviates back fat thickness in pigs, the mechanism underlying its anti-obesity effect remains unclear. Therefore, we investigated the anti-obesity mechanism of fulvic acid using 3T3-L1 adipocytes. We examined the effects of fulvic acid on adipocyte differentiation, cell viability, and lipid accumulation using molecular techniques. Fulvic acid treatment significantly decreased intracellular lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells during the differentiation compared with that in the control group. Western blotting revealed fulvic acid-induced downregulated expression of the adipocyte differentiation-related markers peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein alpha, and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1. The fulvic acid treatment decreased the expression of the lipid uptake-related markers fatty acid-binding protein 4 and the cluster of differentiation 36 in 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, fulvic acid significantly increased cytosolic Ca concentration via Ca sequestration from the endoplasmic reticulum, enhanced Ca /calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity, and upregulated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), thereby reducing adipocyte differentiation. Conclusively, fulvic acid attenuates adipocyte differentiation by activating the Ca /CaMKⅡ/AMPK pathway, suggesting its anti-obesity potential.