Universality of ecological memory for local and global net ecosystem exchange, atmospheric CO 2 , and sea surface temperature

Modeling global net ecosystem exchange is essential to understanding and quantifying the complex interactions between the Earth's terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Emphasizing the inter-relatedness between the global net ecosystem exchange, global sea surface temperature, and atmospheric levels, intuitively suggests that all three systems may exhibit collective environmental memory. Motivated by this, we explicitly identified a collective memory function and showed a similar non-Markovian stochastic behavior for these systems exhibiting superdiffusive behavior in short time intervals. We obtained the values of the memory parameter, , and the characteristic frequencies, , for global net ecosystem exchange (GNEE) ( ), global sea surface temperature (GSST) ( ), and atmospheric ( ). The values of the memory parameter are within the range, , and thus all three systems are in the superdiffusive regime. We emphasize, further, that these results were consistent with our previous analyses at the ecosystem level (i.e. Great Barrier Reef) suggesting scale invariance for these phenomena. Thus, the observed superdiffusive behavior operating at different scales suggests universality of the collective memory function for these systems.