Long-term evolution of carbonaceous aerosols in PM 2.5 during over a decade of atmospheric pollution outbreaks and control in polluted central China

Against the backdrop of an uncertain evolution of carbonaceous aerosols in polluted areas over the long term amid air pollution control measures, this 11-year study (2011-2021) investigated fine particulate matter (PM ) and carbonaceous components in polluted central China. Organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) averaged 16.5 and 3.4 μg/m , constituting 16 and 3 % of PM mass. Carbonaceous aerosols dominated PM (35 and 27 %) during periods of excellent and good air quality, while polluted days witnessed other components as dominants, with a significant decrease in primary organic aerosols and increased secondary pollution. From 2011 to 2021, OC and EC decreased by 53 and 76 %, displaying a high-value oscillation phase (2011-2015) and a low-value fluctuation phase (post-2016). A substantial reduction in high OC and EC concentrations in 2016 marked a milestone in significant air quality improvement attributed to effective control measures, especially targeting OC and EC, evident from their decreased proportion in PM . Primary OC (POC) in winter exhibited the most pronounced reduction (8 % per year), and the seasonal disparities in PM and carbonaceous components were reduced, showcasing the effectiveness of control measures. Contrary to the more pronounced reduction of EC, which decreased in proportion to PM , secondary OC (SOC) in PM exhibited an increasing trend. Along with rising OC/EC, SOC/OC, and SOC/EC ratios, this indicates a growing prominence of secondary pollution compared to the decrease in primary pollution. SOC shows an increasing trend with NO rise (r = 0.53), without O promoting SOC. Positive correlations of SOC with SO , CO (r = 0.41, 0.59), also highlight their influence on atmospheric conditions, oxidative capacity, and chemical reactions, indirectly impacting SOC formation. The implementation of precise precursor emission reduction measures holds the key to future efforts in mitigating SOC pollution and reducing PM concentrations, thereby contributing to improved air quality.