100% selective cyclotrimerization of acetylene to benzene on Ag(111)

Benzene, a high-volume chemical, is produced from larger molecules by inefficient and environmentally harmful processes. Recent changes in hydrocarbon feedstocks from oil to gas motivate research into small molecule upgrading. For example, the cyclotrimerization of acetylene reaction has been demonstrated on Pd, Pd alloy, and Cu surfaces and catalysts, but they are not 100% selective to benzene. We discovered that acetylene can be converted to benzene with 100% selectivity on the Ag(111) surface. Our temperature programmed desorption experiments reveal a threshold acetylene surface coverage of ∼one monolayer, above which benzene is formed. Furthermore, additional layers of acetylene increase the amount of benzene produced while retaining 100% selectivity. Our scanning tunneling microscopy images show that acetylene prefers square packing on the Ag(111) surface at low coverages, which converts to hexagonal packing when acetylene multilayers are present. Within this denser layer, features consistent with the proposed C 4 intermediates of the cyclotrimerization process are observed. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the barrier for forming the crucial C 4 intermediate generally decreases as acetylene multilayers are formed because the multilayer interacts more strongly with the surface in the transition state than in the initial state. Given that acetylene desorbs from Ag(111) at ∼90 K, the C 4 intermediate on the pathway to benzene must be formed below this temperature, implying that if Ag-based heterogeneous catalysts can be run at sufficiently high pressure and low enough temperature, efficient and selective trimerization of acetylene to benzene may be possible. If a critical acetylene surface coverage threshold above one monolayer is attained, acetylene conversion to benzene occurs with 100% selectivity on Ag(111). The presence of multiple monolayers has the unforeseen effect of increasing benzene production while maintaining selectivity.