Trace cisplatin adsorption by thiol-functionalized sponge (TFS) and Sn/SnO 2 -coated TFS: Adsorption study and mechanism investigation

To remove trace cisplatin from aqueous solution, commercial sponges were functionalized by esterification with 3-mercaptopropionic acid, followed by reduction with Na S·9H O or SnCl ·2H O. The resulting thiol-functionalized sponges (TFSs), TFS_1 and TFS_2, were tested for the removal of cisplatin (235 μg L ) achieving maximum removal of 95.5 ± 0.8% and 99.5 ± 0.1% respectively, which were significantly higher than the non-functionalized counterpart. The successful grafting of thiol groups, verified through FTIR, elemental analysis, SEM-EDS, and XPS characterization, facilitated Pt-S complexation during adsorption. The aqua-derivatives of cisplatin, formed through hydration, complexed with thiol sites through ligand displacement. Additionally, the presence of Sn/SnO coating on TFS_2 further enhanced the adsorption process. The rapid adsorption process conformed to pseudo-second-order kinetic model, involving both diffusion and chemisorption. While the Langmuir isotherm model generally described the monolayer adsorption behavior of cisplatin, the aggregation of Sn/SnO onto TFS_2 at 343 K introduced surface heterogeneity, rendering the Freundlich model a better fit for the adsorption isotherm. Differential pH dependence and the evaluation of mean free energy, derived from the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model, indicated that cisplatin adsorption onto TFS_1 involved physisorption, including electrostatic attraction, while chemisorption predominated for TFS_2. Increasing the temperature notably promoted adsorption by facilitating the thermal-favored formation of Pt-S bonds.