Comprehensive multi-gas study by means of fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for the investigation of nitrogen cycle processes

The extensive use of synthetic fertilizers has led to a considerable increase in reactive nitrogen input into agricultural and natural systems, resulting in negative effects in multiple ecosystems, the so-called nitrogen cascade. Since the global population relies on fertilization for food production, synthetic fertilizer use needs to be optimized by balancing crop yield and reactive nitrogen losses. Fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (FERS) is introduced as a unique method for the simultaneous quantification of multiple gases to the study processes related to the nitrogen cycle. By monitoring changes in the headspace gas concentrations, processes such as denitrification, nitrification, respiration, and nitrogen fixation, as well as fertilizer addition were studied. The differences in concentration between the ambient and prepared process samples were evident in the Raman spectra, allowing for differentiation of process-specific spectra. Gas mixture concentrations were quantified within a range of low ppm to 100% for the gases N 2 , O 2 , CO 2 , N 2 O, and NH 3 . Compositional changes were attributed to processes of the nitrogen cycle. With help of multivariate curve resolution, it was possible to quantify N 2 O and CO 2 simultaneously. The impact of fertilizers on N-cycle processes in soil was simulated and analyzed for identifying active processes. Thus, FERS was proven to be a suitable technique to optimize fertilizer composition and to quantify N 2 O and NH 3 emissions, all with a single device and without further sample preparation. Fiber-enhanced Raman spectroscopy allows for simultaneous quantification of multiple gases and enables the comprehensive analysis of processes of the nitrogen cycle with the aim to reduce the emission of reactive nitrogen species in agriculture.