Performance comparison of conventional and striation-based beamformers for underwater bearing detection of pulse sources

The multi-path and dispersion properties of shallow water waveguides make conventional beamforming (CBF) face issues such as beam shift, broadening, splitting, output distortion, and array gain reduction. In this paper, the striation-based beamforming (SBF) is investigated to address these issues. SBF differs from CBF by utilizing frequency-shift processing along interference striations. The performance difference between CBF and SBF is compared. It demonstrates that under ideal waveguide modeling with pulse sources, SBF can achieve a beam output response that is close to the plane wave condition. The speed term of SBF's response is approximately independent of modal indexes, which equips SBF to form a unique beam output and guarantee the beam resolution. The processing of consistent signals along the striation maintains the optimal signal correlation, which makes SBF ensure the output fidelity and array gain. To shift the mainlobe of SBF to the source azimuth, the time delay related to the waveform truncation point can be introduced to pre-compensate the array signals. There exist two theoretical accuracy limits to using the truncation. First, truncation time corresponds to the waveform point at r 0 / c (r0 is the source range), and the mainlobe of SBF is directed to the source azimuth. Second, truncation corresponds to the pulse peak point, and the azimuth estimation accuracy of SBF gets close to CBF. Simulations and experimental results are given as illustrations.