Visible light-driven ZnO/Fe 3 O 4 magnetic nanoparticles for detoxification of diazinon: the photocatalytic optimization process with RSM-BBD model

Today, diazinon is one of the most widely used organophosphorus pesticides, whose widespread use can cause many ecological and biological risks. In this research, a magnetic ZnO/Fe O nanoparticle was used to investigate the photocatalytic degradation of diazinon. Sol-gel synthesis was used to create the nanoparticle, which was then characterized using XRD, FTIR, FESEM, VSM, and XPS techniques. The design of photocatalytic degradation experiments was done using the response surface method and the Box-Behnken design model. The investigated parameters include pH, nanoparticle concentration, diazinon concentration, and irradiation time. The characterization of the ZnO/Fe O nanoparticle showed well-formed crystalline phases and a cubic spinel structure. Additionally, the shape of the nanoparticle is almost uniform and spherical. The FT-IR spectrum also confirmed the presence of all functional groups related to ZnO and Fe O in the ZnO/Fe O nanoparticles structure. The synthesized nanocomposite has superparamagnetic properties and a very small coercive field, making it easily recyclable, according to a VSM analysis. XPS results also showed the presence of Fe (Fe 2p and Fe 2p ), Zn (Zn 2p and Zn 2p ), oxygen (O1s), and weak carbon (C1s) peaks in the ZnO/Fe O structure. The results of the photocatalytic optimization experiments showed that the highest efficiency of diazinon toxin degradation is 99.3% under the conditions of pH 7, diazinon initial concentration of 10 mg/L, nanoparticle concentration of 1 g/L, and a contact time of 90 min. This result is very close to the BBD model's predicted removal efficiency under optimal conditions (100%). As a result, the ZnO/Fe O nanocomposite can produce active free radicals through UV radiation, and these radicals can successfully remove diazinon under actual conditions.