Levels, sources, variations, and human health risk assessment of 90 Sr and 137 Cs in water and food around Sanmen Nuclear Power Plant (China) from 2011 to 2020

Radioactivity monitoring around nuclear facilities is crucial to provide important baseline data for effective detection of radioactive leakage to the environment. We aim to establish a baseline study for monitoring radioactive levels of Sr and Cs around Sammen Nuclear Power Plant (SNPP) and to assess their associated health impact on surrounding residents. In this study, we collected water and food samples around the SNPP from 2011 to 2020 and determined for Sr and Cs activity concentrations. We statistically analyzed the temporal trends of Sr and Cs and evaluated their radiation exposure to the local residents. During this period, the activity concentrations of Sr and Cs varied within 1.2-9.9 mBq/L and 0.10-7.6 mBq/L in water, and 0.037-1.3 Bq/kg and 0.011-0.45 Bq/kg in food, respectively, with no significant seasonal variation trend. All reported activity concentrations of Sr and Cs were significantly lower than the recommended value of WHO and Chinese national standards. There is no indication of notable radioactive release into the study area due to the operation of SNPP during 2018-2020. The annual effective doses ( ) from the ingestion of Sr and Cs in water and food were well below the international permissible limits, indicating the radiation exposure around SNPP during 2011-2020 was kept at a safe level.