Ginsenoside Rg1 Inhibits Microglia Pyroptosis Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Through Regulating STAT3 Signaling (Retracted article. See vol. 16, pg. 2447, 2023)

Purpose: Neuroinflammation runs through the whole process of nervous system diseases and brain injury. Inflammasomes are thought to be especially relevant to immune home-ostasis, and their dysregulation contributes to pyroptosis. The natural compound Ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to possess anti-inflammatory effects; however, its underlying mechan-isms are not entirely clear. Therefore, this study was undertaken to investigate the role and mechanisms of Rg1 in regulating the production of inflammasomes and pyroptosis of microglia in vivo and in vitro. Methods: BV-2 microglial cells were pretreated with Rg1, stattic and interleukin-6 (IL-6), and then stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (2 mu g/mL). Hoechst staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI assay were then carried out. The expression levels of cleaved-caspase-1, pro-caspase-1, interleukin-113 (IL-113), mature-IL-113, gasdermin D (GSDMD), activated NH(2)-terminal fragment of GSDMD (GSDMD-N), NOD-, LRR-and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and phos-phorylated STAT3 in BV-2 were detected by Western blotting. Additionally, immunofluor-escence staining was used to determine the expression of NLRP3 and p-STAT3 in postnatal rat brain and BV-2 microglia subjected to LPS stimulation and Rg1 pretreatment. The targets of transcription factor STAT3 were predicted by hTFtarget and chromatin immunoprecipita-tion (ChIP) was used to confirm the interaction between STAT3 and AIM2. Results: We showed here that Rg1 effectively inhibited the expression of inflammasomes and microglia pyroptosis induced by LPS. The targets predicted data of Rg1 from Swiss target prediction database showed STAT3 had the highest thresholds of probability score. Rg1 can regulate the phosphorylation of STAT3, which binds to the promoter region of inflammasome AIM2. Conclusion: It is suggested that STAT3 signaling can initiate the transcription activity of AIM2. Rg1 regulates microglia pyroptosis in neuroinflammation induced by LPS through targeting STAT3 signaling.