A Prospective, Open-Label Pilot Study of Concurrent Male Partner Treatment for Bacterial Vaginosis

Up to 50% of women receiving first-line antibiotics for bacterial vagino-sis (BV) experience recurrence within 12 weeks. Evidence suggests that reinfection from an untreated regular sexual partner contributes to recurrence. We con-ducted a pilot study of 34 heterosexual couples to describe the impact of concur-rent partner treatment on the composition of the genital microbiota over a 12-week period. We also determined the acceptability and tolerability of concurrent partner treatment and obtained preliminary estimates of the efficacy of the inter-vention to inform a randomized controlled trial (RCT). Women received first-line antibiotic treatment for BV (i.e., oral metronidazole or intravaginal clindamycin), and their male partner received oral metronidazole, 400 mg, and 2% clindamycin cream applied topically to penile skin, both twice daily for 7 days. The genital microbiota was characterized at three anatomical sites (women, vaginal; men, cu-taneous penile and first-pass urine [representing the urethra]) using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Immediately posttreatment, concurrent partner treatment sig-nificantly reduced the abundance of BV-associated bacteria (false-discovery rate [FDR] corrected P value < 0.05) and altered the overall microbiota composition of all three anatomical sites (P = 0.001). Suppression of BV-associated bacteria was sustained in the majority (81%) of women over the 12-week period (FDR P value < 0.05), despite BV-associated bacteria reemerging at both genital sites in men. In this cohort of women at high risk for recurrence, five recurred within 12 weeks of treatment (17%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 6 to 34%). Importantly, men tolerated and adhered to combination therapy. Our findings provide support for an RCT of combined oral and topical male partner treatment for BV. IMPORTANCE Recurrence of BV following standard treatment is unacceptably high. Posttreatment recurrence is distressing for women, and it imposes a considerable bur -den on the health care system. Recurrences result in multiple presentations to clinical services and repeated antibiotic use, and the associated obstetric and gynecological sequelae are significant. New treatments to improve long-term BV cure are urgently needed. Here, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate changes in the micro-biota composition at three genital sites (vagina, penile skin, and male urethra) of hetero-sexual couples undergoing concurrent partner treatment for bacterial vaginosis (B