Effects of Desiccation on Metamorphic Climax in Bombina variegata: Changes in Levels and Patterns of Oxidative Stress Parameters

Simple Summary Global warming alters patterns of precipitation and drought, which are important factors in the survival of amphibian populations. Metamorphosis is affected by environmental changes; this is especially true of metamorphic climax, the crucial stage of amphibian development that is accompanied by significant morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations necessary for the transition to a terrestrial habitat. This study investigated naturally occurring changes in the cellular oxidative status (antioxidant system and oxidative damage) of yellow-bellied toad larvae during this phase, and how exposure to exogenous factors such as desiccation affected them. Our results revealed clear changes in the antioxidant system's (AOS) response and the levels of oxidative damage during metamorphic climax, with the highest response and damage observed at the end stage. Decreasing water levels during larval development altered the components of the AOS and increased oxidative damage, resulting in increased oxidative stress. The knowledge gained from this study could contribute to a better understanding of the oxidative stress that larvae experience during this critical stage of development, and the consequences of global warming-such as water loss-on amphibians. In this paper, we examined how the oxidative status (antioxidant system and oxidative damage) of Bombina variegata larvae changed during the metamorphic climax (Gosner stages: 42-beginning, 44-middle and 46-end) and compared the patterns and levels of oxidative stress parameters between individuals developing under constant water availability (control) and those developing under decreasing water availability (desiccation group). Our results revealed that larvae developing under decreasing water availability exhibited increased oxidative damage in the middle and end stages. This was followed by lower levels of glutathione in stages 44 and 46, as well as lower values of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and sulfhydryl groups in stage 46 (all in relation to control animals). Comparison between stages 42, 44 and 46 within treatments showed that individuals in the last stage demonstrated the highest intensities of lipid oxidative damage in both the control and desiccation groups. As for the parameters of the antioxidant system, control individuals displayed greater variety in response to changes induced by metamorphic climax than individuals exposed to desiccation treatment