Advances in the modification of injectable calcium-phosphate-based bone cements for clinical application

[4] Modification efforts include fabricating porous/nano structures and/or drug delivery CPC composites to promote bone growth; (2) Another drawback is that the mechanical strength of CPCs cannot match the strength of human cortical bone; thus, strength modification is another research direction. Because of the reduction in cell differentiation and the decrease in the potential of osteoblasts in osteoporotic patients, the purpose of modifying bone replacement materials for these patients is to promote the differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and to stimulate the potential of osteoblasts. [...]extracellular Ca2+ at low concentrations from CPCs can modulate the conformation of BMP-2, which can enhance Smad1/5/8 and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling transduction and further stimulate the expression of osteogenic marker genes. Generally, incorporating multiple growth factors into scaffolding promotes greater angiogenesis and osteogenesis stimulation than the incorporation of a single growth factor; as the natural compounded liquid phase, PRP can play the role of a bioactive modification of CPCs in more aspects than BMP-2. [11] In addition to revealing the partial association of magnesium and osteogenesis, that team evaluated their magnesium/calcium phosphate cements (MCPCs) in terms of promoting angiogenesis and found that the angiogenic potential of human umbilical vein endothelial cells was enhanced in vitro by the MCPC-mediated immune microenvironment.