Syringic acid modulates molecular marker–involved cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, inflammation, and angiogenesis in DMBA‐induced oral squamous cell carcinoma in Syrian hamsters

Despite, different medicinal phyto compounds giving an inexhaustible variety of anticancer drugs, potent signalling mechanism of leads the key successes of anticancer agent, anti‐inflammatory, induction of apoptosis, and antiangiogenic. The current study was conducted to estimate the effect of syringic acid (SA) on tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)‐mediated nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) signaling pathways, inducing apoptosis and angiogenic signaling pathways in a hamster model by preneoplastic stages, histological, immunohistochemistry and immunoblots analysis. Hamsters were given oral cancer by painting 0.5% 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) for 10 weeks. The DMBA‐painted hamsters were treated with an effective dose (50 mg/kg body weight) of SA for 14 weeks. The results revealed that oral preadministration of SA to DMBA‐treated hamster oral tumorigenesis significantly increased Bcl‐2‐associated X protein, caspases‐3 and ‐9, and reduced B‐cell lymphoma protein 2 and inflammatory cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), inducible nitric oxide synthase, and TNF‐α expression through NF‐κB, and angiogenic vascular endothelial growth factor markers. Taken together, the current study suggests that SA prevents the DMBA‐induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by triggering intrinsic apoptotic pathway via abrogation of the downstream signaling molecules such as COX‐2, NF‐κB, and TNF‐α. This type of preventive strategy based on animal study will offer a means to design chemoprevention trials for humans.