High mobility group box-1 protects against Aflatoxin G 1 -induced pulmonary epithelial cell damage in the lung inflammatory environment

Aflatoxin G (AFG ) is a member of the carcinogenic aflatoxin family. Our previous studies indicated that oral administration of AFG caused tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-〈-dependent inflammation that enhanced oxidative DNA damage in alveolar epithelial cells, which may be related to AFG -induced lung carcinogenesis. High mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) is a nuclear DNA-binding protein; the intracellular and extracellular roles of HMGB1 have been shown to contribute to DNA repair and sterile inflammation. The role of HMGB1 in DNA damage in an aflatoxin-induced lung inflammatory environment was investigated in this study. Upregulation of HMGB1, TLR2, and RAGE was observed in AFG -induced lung inflamed tissues and adenocarcinoma. Blocking AFG -induced inflammation by neutralization of TNF-〈 inhibited the upregulation of HMGB1 in mouse lung tissues, suggesting that AFG -induced TNF-〈-dependent inflammation regulated HMGB1 expression. In the in vitro human pulmonary epithelial cell line model, Beas-2b, AFG directly enhanced the cytosolic translocation of HMGB1 and its extracellular secretion. The addition of extracellular soluble HMGB1 protected AFG -induced DNA damage through the TLR2/NF-κB pathway in Beas-2b cells. In addition, blockade of endogenous HMGB1 by siRNA significantly enhanced AFG -induced damage. Thus, our findings showed that both extracellularly-released and nuclear and cytosolic HMGB1 could protect the cell from AFG -induced cell damage in a TNF-〈-dependent lung inflammatory environment.