Endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds modulate hypoxia-induced permeability in CaCo-2 cells via CB 1 , TRPV1, and PPARα

We have previously reported that endocannabinoids modulate permeability in Caco-2 cells under inflammatory conditions and hypothesised in the present study that endocannabinoids could also modulate permeability in ischemia/reperfusion. Caco-2 cells were grown on cell culture inserts to confluence. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) was used to measure permeability. To generate hypoxia (0% O ), a GasPak™ EZ anaerobe pouch system was used. Endocannabinoids were applied to the apical or basolateral membrane in the presence or absence of receptor antagonists. Complete hypoxia decreased TEER (increased permeability) by ~35% after 4 h (recoverable) and ~50% after 6 h (non-recoverable). When applied either pre- or post-hypoxia, apical application of N-arachidonoyl-dopamine (NADA, via TRPV1), oleamide (OA, via TRPV1) and oleoylethanolamine (OEA, via TRPV1) inhibited the increase in permeability. Apical administration of anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) worsened the permeability effect of hypoxia (both via CB ). Basolateral application of NADA (via TRPV1), OA (via CB and TRPV1), noladin ether (NE, via PPARα), and palmitoylethanolamine (PEA, via PPARα) restored permeability after 4 h hypoxia, whereas OEA increased permeability (via PPARα). After 6 h hypoxia, where permeability does not recover, only basolateral application PEA sustainably decreased permeability, and NE decreased permeability. A variety of endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-like compounds modulate Caco-2 permeability in hypoxia/reoxygenation, which involves multiple targets, depending on whether the compounds are applied to the basolateral or apical membrane. CB antagonism and TRPV1 or PPARα agonism may represent novel therapeutic targets against several intestinal disorders associated with increased permeability.