Autophagy and innate immunity: Insights from invertebrate model organisms
Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental intracellular degradation process with multiple roles in immunity, including direct elimination of intracellular microorganisms via 'xenophagy.' In this review, we summarize studies from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenor...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Autophagy 2018-02, Vol.14 (2), p.233-242 |
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Sprache: | eng |
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Zusammenfassung: | Macroautophagy/autophagy is a fundamental intracellular degradation process with multiple roles in immunity, including direct elimination of intracellular microorganisms via 'xenophagy.' In this review, we summarize studies from the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that highlight the roles of autophagy in innate immune responses to viral, bacterial, and fungal pathogens. Research from these genetically tractable invertebrates has uncovered several conserved immunological paradigms, such as direct targeting of intracellular pathogens by xenophagy and regulation of autophagy by pattern recognition receptors in D. melanogaster. Although C. elegans has no known pattern recognition receptors, this organism has been particularly useful in understanding many aspects of innate immunity. Indeed, work in C. elegans was the first to show xenophagic targeting of microsporidia, a fungal pathogen that infects all animals, and to identify TFEB/HLH-30, a helix-loop-helix transcription factor, as an evolutionarily conserved regulator of autophagy gene expression and host tolerance. Studies in C. elegans have also highlighted the more recently appreciated relationship between autophagy and tolerance to extracellular pathogens. Studies of simple, short-lived invertebrates such as flies and worms will continue to provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms by which autophagy and immunity pathways intersect and their contribution to organismal survival.
Abbreviations
Atg
autophagy related
BECN1
Beclin 1
CALCOCO2
calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2
Cry5B
crystal toxin 5B
Daf
abnormal dauer formation
DKF-1
D kinase family-1
EPG-7
Ectopic P Granules-7
FuDR
fluorodeoxyuridine
GFP
green fluorescent protein
HLH-30
Helix Loop Helix-30
Imd
immune deficiency
ins-18
INSulin related-18; LET-363, LEThal-363
lgg-1
LC3, GABARAP and GATE-16 family-1
MAPK
mitogen-activated protein kinase
MATH
the meprin and TRAF homology
MTOR
mechanistic target of rapamycin
NBR1
neighbor of BRCA1 gene 1
NFKB
nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B cells
NOD
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing
OPTN
optineurin
PAMPs
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
Park2
Parkinson disease (autosomal recessive, juvenile) 2, parkin
pdr-1
Parkinson disease related
PFTs
pore-forming toxins
PGRP
peptidoglycan-recognition proteins
PIK3C3
phosphatidylinositol 3- kinase catalytic subunit type 3
pink-1
PINK (PTEN-I induced kinase) homol |
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ISSN: | 1554-8627 1554-8635 |
DOI: | 10.1080/15548627.2017.1389824 |