PM 2.5 source attribution for Seoul in May from 2009 to 2013 using GEOS-Chem and its adjoint model

Enforcement of an air quality standard for PM in the Seoul metropolitan area (SMA) was enacted in 2015. From May to June of 2016, an international airborne and surface measurement campaign took place to investigate air pollution mechanisms in the SMA. The total and speciated PM concentrations since 2008 have been measured at an intensive monitoring site for the SMA operated by the National Institute of Environmental Research (NIER). To gain insight on the trends and sources of PM in the SMA in May, we analyze PM concentrations from 2009 to 2013 using the measurements and simulations from a 3-dimensional global chemical transport model, GEOS-Chem and its adjoint. The model is updated here with the latest regional emission inventory and diurnally varying NH emissions. Monthly average PM concentration measured by β-ray attenuation ranges from 28 (2010) to 45 (2013) μg/m , decreased from 2009 to 2010, and then continuously increased until 2013. The model shows good agreement with the measurements for the daily average PM concentrations (R ≥ 0.5), and reproduces 10 out of 17 measured episodes exceeding the daily air quality standard (50 μg/m ). Using the GEOS-Chem adjoint model, we find that anthropogenic emissions from the Shandong region have the largest modeled influence on PM in Seoul in May. Average contributions to the high PM episodes simulated by the model are 39% from the Shandong region, 16% from the Shanghai region, 14% from the Beijing region, and 15% from South Korea. Anthropogenic SO emissions from South Korea are negligible with 90% of the total contribution originating from China. Findings from this study may guide interpretation of observations obtained in the KORUS-AQ measurement campaign.