Single-particle EM reveals plasticity of interactions between the adenovirus penton base and integrin αvβ3

Human adenoviruses are double-stranded DNA viruses responsible for numerous infections, some of which can be fatal. Furthermore, adenoviruses are currently used in clinical trials as vectors for gene therapy applications. Although initial binding of adenoviruses to host attachment receptors has been extensively characterized, the interactions with the entry receptor (integrins) remain poorly understood at the structural level. We characterized the interactions between the adenovirus 9 penton base subunit and α v β 3 integrin using fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and single-particle electron microscopy to understand the mechanisms under-lying virus internalization and infection. Our results indicate that the penton base subunit can bind integrins with high affinity and in several different orientations. These outcomes correlate with the requirement of the pentameric penton base to simultaneously bind several integrins to enable their clustering and promote virus entry into the host cell.