Speciation, physical and electrolytic properties of eutectic mixtures based on CrCl3·6H2O and urea

The electrodeposition of chromium is a technologically vital process, which is principally carried out using aqueous chromic acid. In the current study, it is shown that eutectic mixtures of urea and hydrated chromium( iii ) chloride provide a liquid which reduces the toxicological issues associated with the current aqueous Cr( vi ) electroplating solution. Using EXAFS, mass spectrometry and UV-Vis spectroscopy, it is shown that chromium is present predominantly as a cationic species. Conductivities are higher than for most comparable ionic liquids. It is shown that the electrodeposition of chromium is electrochemically reversible, with a current efficiency much higher than in aqueous electrolytes. Surface tension and density measurements indicate that hole theory is a valid model to describe transport properties in these liquids. Bulk Cr deposits are not macrocrystalline but they are generally crack-free. The deposits have a hardness of 600 ± 10 Vickers and, as such, are comparable to deposits from aqueous systems. The electrodeposition of hard chromium is demonstrated from a novel deep eutectic solvent with high current efficiency resulting from a cationic metallic species in the liquid.