Clinical Profile, Etiology and Therapeutic Outcome in 324 Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients at a Tertiary Care Center in India

Objective: To study the profile and outcome of therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in India. Methods: Data analysis of HCC patients enrolled in liver clinic between 1990 and 2005. Results: We registered 324 HCC patients [males 284 (88%), mean age 52.4 ± 13.1 years]. The etiology of HCC was: hepatitis B virus 165 (51%), hepatitis C virus 38 (12%), alcohol 20 (6%), combined 31 (10%) and unknown 70 (21%). Serum α-fetoprotein was >400 ng in 36%, portal vein invasion was seen in 40% and distant metastases in 13%. Therapy was offered to 141 (43.5%) patients, but survival data was available in only 130 (93%) of them. Treatment given and median survival time was as follows: surgical resection, 19 months (n = 14); transarterial chemoembolization, 11 months (n = 23); transarterial rhenium therapy, 26 months (n = 7); radiofrequency ablation, 24 months (n = 4); acetic acid ablation, 13 months (n = 17); oral chemotherapy, 26 months (n = 33), and combination therapy, 26 months (n = 32). Vascular invasion, Okuda staging and therapy were independent factors associated with survival. Treated patients had longer median survival compared to untreated ones (16 months vs. 7 months, p < 0.05). Conclusions: Hepatitis B infection is the predominant cause of HCC in India. Serum α-fetoprotein was diagnostic in only one third of our patients. Most patients present late, when curative therapies are not possible. Treated patients had better survival than untreated ones.