Altered biomechanical properties of carotid arteries in two mouse models of muscular dystrophy

1 Department of Biomedical Engineering and M. E. DeBakey Institute, Texas A&M University; 2 Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering and Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Georgia; and 3 Department of Systems Biology and Translational Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, College Station, Texas Submitted 25 January 2007 ; accepted in final form 15 May 2007 Muscular dystrophy is characterized by skeletal muscle weakness and wasting, but little is known about possible alterations to the vasculature. Many muscular dystrophies are caused by a defective dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC), which plays an important role in mechanotransduction and maintenance of structural integrity in muscle cells. The DGC is a group of membrane-associated proteins, including dystrophin and sarcoglycan- , that helps connect the cytoskeleton of muscle cells to the extracellular matrix. In this paper, mice lacking genes encoding dystrophin ( mdx ) or sarcoglycan- ( sgcd–/– ) were studied to detect possible alterations to vascular wall mechanics. Pressure-diameter and axial force-length tests were performed on common carotid arteries from mdx , sgcd–/– , and wild-type mice in active (basal) and passive smooth muscle states, and functional responses to three vasoactive compounds were determined at constant pressure and length. Apparent biomechanical differences included the following: mdx and sgcd–/– arteries had decreased distensibilities in pressure-diameter tests, with mdx arteries exhibiting elevated circumferential stresses, and mdx and sgcd–/– arteries generated elevated axial loads and stresses in axial force-length tests. Interestingly, however, mdx and sgcd–/– arteries also had significantly lower in vivo axial stretches than did the wild type. Accounting for this possible adaptation largely eliminated the apparent differences in circumferential and axial stiffness, thus suggesting that loss of DGC proteins may induce adaptive biomechanical changes that can maintain overall wall mechanics in response to normal loads. Nevertheless, there remains a need to understand better possible vascular adaptations in response to sustained altered loads in patients with muscular dystrophy. vascular remodeling; dystrophin; sarcoglycan- ; axial stress; biomechanics Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: J. D. Humphrey, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, 337 Zachry Engineering Center, 3120 TAMU, Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 778