Recent Results in Understanding Molecular Pathways in the Medical Treatment of Esophageal and Gastric Cancer

Cancers of the esophagus and stomach constitute a major cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Despite improvements in both surgical techniques and (radio) chemotherapy regimens, these tumors remain a great therapeutic challenge. Thus, there is a need for innovative medical treatment strategies effective even in advanced disease. An emerging understanding of the molecular events that characterize carcinogenesis, tumor growth and spread may provide novel targets in cancer therapy. In this review we discuss novel strategies to inhibit growth, angiogenesis, invasion, and spread of tumors and to induce apoptosis. Therapeutic strategies discussed include agents targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway, regulators of apoptosis (NF-ĸB, bcl-2, and the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor), cyclooxygenase-2, the vascular-endothelial growth factor receptor and matrix metalloproteinases.