Oxysterol profiles of normal human arteries, fatty streaks and advanced lesions

Objective: Human atherosclerotic lesions of different stages have quantitative differences in cholesterol and oxysterol content, but information on the oxysterol profile in fatty streaks is limited. This study aims to provide more detailed oxysterol quantification in human fatty streaks, as well as normal aorta and advanced lesions. Methods: A newly adapted method was used, including oxysterol purification by means of a silica cartridge; and it was ensured that artifactual oxysterol formation was kept to a minimum. Cholesterol and oxysterols were estimated by GC and identification confirmed by GC-MS in samples of normal human arterial intima, intima with near-confluent fatty streaks and advanced lesions, in necropsy samples. Results: The oxysterols 7α-hydroxycholesterol, cholesterol-5β, 6β-epoxide, cholesterol-5α, 6α-epoxide, 7β-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol and 27-hydroxycholesterol (formerly known as 26-hydroxy-cholesterol) were found in all the lesions, but were at most very low in the normal aorta, both when related to wet weight and when related to cholesterol. Most components of the normal artery showed some cross-correlation on linear regression analysis, but cross-correlations were weaker in the fatty streaks and advanced lesions. However, in fatty streak there was a marked positive correlation between 27-hydroxycholesterol and cholesterol. Conclusion: The findings confirm that oxysterols are present in fatty streaks and advanced lesions and may arise from different cholesterol oxidation mechanisms, including free radical-mediated oxidation and enzymatic oxidation.