Grain Flow in Forgings IV - Various Processes and Influence of Machining

The focus in the first three parts of this series was on the basics of grain flow and their effects on mechanical properties. How the forging process changes the initial grain flow from the incoming billet and the effect of various forging parameters on the grain flow in the final product have been summarized. It is noteworthy that the grain flow comes from the movement of the metal during deformation throughout the forging process, not just the final forging operation.