On the Response of Different Particle State Sensors to Deliberate Process Variations

Deliberate particle state variations were performed using atmospheric plasma spray (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel flame spraying (HVOF) to create a set of first-order process maps. Particle states were measured simultaneously using five in-flight particle sensors: DPV-2000, Accuraspray, SprayWatch, TDS, and SprayCam. While the sensors use similar methods for calculating particle characteristics, absolute values of temperature and velocity were considerably different. Process map trends among sensors are in agreement for the HVOF process, but differ when using plasma spray at high total gas flow conditions. After understanding the stochastic nature of particle detection, an open loop feedback control algorithm was implemented to achieve similar particle states with different hydrogen gas flow rates. The resulting particle state window measured by three different sensors under select fixed hydrogen flow rates was significantly narrowed.