Diffusion of poly(ethylene glycol) and ectoine in NIPAAm hydrogels with confocal Raman spectroscopy

The diffusion behavior of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in N -isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) hydrogels was investigated using confocal Raman spectroscopy with regard to temperature (25°C, 30°C and 35°C), PEG concentration (10 and 40 wt.%), PEG molecular weight (2,000 and 12,000 g/mol) and addition of the compatible solute ectoine (0.1 and 2 wt.%). Swelling and shrinking of the gels was observed by means of confocal Raman spectroscopy. The swelling behavior of NIPAAm gels in aqueous solutions of PEG and ectoine was found to resemble the swelling behavior in pure water with regard to temperature, i.e., the gel shrinks with increasing temperature. However, the presence and concentration of PEG and ectoine influence the swelling behavior by lowering the volume phase-transition temperature of the gel and facilitating shrinking. In some cases, a re-swelling of the gel was observed after the initial shrinking at the onset of PEG diffusion, which can be explained by PEG changing the chemical potential in the gel phase as it diffuses into the sample allowing the water to re-enter. The expulsion of water from the gel during shrinking and the so-caused increase of PNIPAAm and PEG concentrations in some cases led to the PEG diffusion seemingly being faster in more shrunken gels despite of their higher diffusion resistance.