Histone modifications in transcriptional activation during plant development

In eukaryotic cell nuclei, chromatin states dictated by different combinations of post-translational modifications of histones, such as acetylation, methylation and monoubiquitination of lysine residues, are part of the multitude of epigenomes involved in the fine-tuning of all genetic functions and in particular transcription. During the past decade, an increasing number of ‘writers’, ‘readers’ and ‘erasers’ of histone modifications have been identified. Characterization of these factors in Arabidopsis has unraveled their pivotal roles in the regulation of essential processes, such as floral transition, cell differentiation, gametogenesis, and plant response/adaptation to environmental stresses. In this review we focus on histone modification marks associated with transcriptional activation to highlight current knowledge on Arabidopsis ‘writers’, ‘readers’ and ‘erasers’ of histone modifications and to discuss recent findings on molecular mechanisms of integration of histone modifications with the RNA polymerase II transcriptional machinery during transcription of the flowering repressor gene FLC. ► Histone post-translational modifications (PTMs) involved in transcriptional activation. ► ‘Writers’, ‘readers’ and ‘erasers’ of histone PTMs. ► Histone PTMs during FLC transcription activation, initiation and elongation processes.