Neurotoxic mycotoxins: a review of fungal toxins that cause neurological disease in large animals

Five mycotoxins found in concentrates or roughages have been shown to cause neurologic disease in livestock. Fumonisin B, is produced by Fusarium moniliforme and causes leukoencephalomalacia in horses. Swainsonine and slaframine are produced by Rhizoctonia leguminicola and cause mannose accumulation and parasympathomimetic effects, respectively. Lolitrems from Acremonium lolii and paspalitrems from Claviceps paspali are tremorgens found in grasses.