Incidence and treatment of procedural cardiovascular complications associated with trans-arterial and trans-apical interventional aortic valve implantation in 412 consecutive patients

Objective: Trans-catheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) technology is rapidly evolving, with 412 procedures having been performed at our institution. Herein, we report a complete, prospective analysis of complications occurring during transvascular and trans-apical implantations with two different prostheses. Methods: Between June 2007 and June 2010, 412 patients (258 female, mean age 80.3 ± 7.2 years, logistic EuroSCORE (European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation) 20.2% ± 13.0%) underwent TAVI through either a retrograde (n = 252 transfemoral, n = 28 transaxillary, and n = 5 transaortic) or antegrade (n = 127 trans-apical) approach at our institution. The trans-apical access was chosen only in cases where transvascular implantation was not possible. As many as 283 CoreValve and 129 Edwards Sapien prostheses were implanted. Results: Thirty-day survival was 90.9%. Vascular complications occurred in 42 patients (10.2%). In four patients, lethal aortic root (n = 3) or abdominal (n = 1) aortic rupture occurred. Pericardial effusion developed in 53 patients (12.8%), which resulted in cardiac tamponade in 12 patients (2.9%). Twenty-three patients (5.6%) with valve malplacement were treated interventionally. In five patients (1.2%), emergency institution of cardiopulmonary bypass was required during the procedure for temporary support; all patients survived. Seventeen patients underwent re-intervention on the catheter valve (4.1%). Conclusions: With growing experience, complications with TAVI may be avoided by proper patient selection and skillful management. Other complications, when they occur, require a specific treatment algorithm to avoid delay in decision making. A considerable number of complications after TAVI require surgical treatment. Therefore, the ideal environment for TAVI procedures is a hybrid operating room, where a multidisciplinary team of surgeons, cardiologists, and anesthesiologists is best fitted to meet the current needs associated with TAVI technology. A reduction in complications was seen after 300 cases. This finding attests to the complexity of the procedure in addition to the experience required to reduce the incidence of complications.