Introduction to object-based landscape analysis

Current environmental challenges often require regular and wide-area monitoring, which in theory Earth observation (EO) can provide. Commonly, these challenges do not focus on individual point targets, as represented by image pixels, but require consideration of whole landscapes and assessment of features in broader spatial contexts. Object-based approaches, which operate at the scale of real-world objects rather than pixels, offer a means of analysing EO data in a realistic context and integrating associated ancillary information to support real-world applications. The development of object-based image analysis has accelerated over the past decade and can now be considered mainstream, with commercially available software and a wide user community. For full and rigorous consideration of the implementation of object-based analysis in environmental applications, we propose an extension of the discussion to object-based 'landscape' analysis. This article serves as an introduction to a Special Issue on this theme, drawing on a technical meeting held in 2009 at The University of Nottingham, UK. The meeting's aim was to bring together practitioners in remote sensing, geographic information science (GIScience) and environmental science to identify best practice in the development and application of object-based landscape analysis techniques. The papers presented outline new opportunities for object-based landscape analysis, showing the expansion of object-centred classification studies beyond routine use of image data, engaging with fundamental GIScience concepts such as spatial accuracy and scale and demonstrating the wider and growing relevance for the EO, GIScience, landscape ecology and broader environmental science communities.