Early literacy and early numeracy: The value of including early literacy skills in the prediction of numeracy development

► We examined the unique relations of early literacy to numeracy development. ► Children were assessed in PK on early literacy and math and a year later on math. ► Vocabulary and print knowledge account for unique variance in numeracy development. ► Phonological awareness does not account for unique variance in numeracy development. ► We conclude that specific early literacy skills are important in math development. The purpose of this study was to examine whether early literacy skills uniquely predict early numeracy skills development. During the first year of the study, 69 3- to 5-year-old preschoolers were assessed on the Preschool Early Numeracy Skills (PENS) test and the Test of Preschool Early Literacy Skills (TOPEL). Participants were assessed again a year later on the PENS test and on the Applied Problems and Calculation subtests of the Woodcock–Johnson III Tests of Achievement. Three mixed effect regressions were conducted using Time 2 PENS, Applied Problems, and Calculation as the dependent variables. Print Knowledge and Vocabulary accounted for unique variance in the prediction of Time 2 numeracy scores. Phonological Awareness did not uniquely predict any of the mathematics domains. The findings of this study identify an important link between early literacy and early numeracy development.