Carboxymethyl-chitin promotes chondrogenesis by inducing the production of growth factors from immune cells

Many techniques have been tested for their ability to restore cartilage defects, but several problems still remain in the complete healing of injured cartilage. In our previous study, we found that a carboxymethyl‐chitin/β‐tricalcium phosphate (CM‐chitin/β‐TCP) composite induced cartilage regeneration in the osteochondral defects of rabbits in vivo. We also found that CM‐chitin stimulated peritoneal exudate cells (PEC) in mice and induced several kinds of inflammatory cytokines and transforming growth factor beta‐1 (TGF‐β1). In this study, we examined whether CM‐chitin is responsible for the induction of chondrogenesis via the production of TGF‐β1 in vitro. The murine pluripotent cell line C3H10T1/2 was maintained as a micromass culture in conditioned medium prepared from PEC stimulated with and without CM‐chitin. CM‐chitin–conditioned medium induced RNA expression of the chondrogenic‐factor Sox9 and the matrix proteins aggrecan, Col2a1, and Comp. Their expression levels were decreased in the presence of anti‐TGF‐β1 antibody. The micromass tissues cultured in CM‐chitin conditioned medium at day 21 were clearly stained by Toluidine blue or Alcian blue (histological staining) and collagen II antibody (immunohistological staining), showing the expression of acidic glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen. Similar results were observed in micromass tissue stimulated with TGF‐β1 as a positive control. However, no chondrogenesis occurred when CM‐chitin was added directly to a C3H10T1/2 cell culture. These results indicated that CM‐chitin is a potent inducer of chondrogenesis via the induction of TGF‐β1 in immune cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A, 2010.