The time course of motor cortex plasticity after spaced motor practice

Background Motor learning takes place in several phases. Animal experiments suggest that synaptic plasticity plays an important role in acquisition of motor skills, whereas retention of motor performance is most likely achieved by other mechanisms. Objective/hypothesis This study compared two spacing approaches and investigated the time course of synaptic plasticity after spaced motor practice (MP). Methods Twenty subjects performed a ballistic thumb flexion task in sessions of 6 × 10 minutes or 12 × 5 minutes. We measured peak acceleration of the target movement throughout the experiment and cortical excitability more than 60 minutes after MP via transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). After a retention period, both parameters were re-evaluated. Results Mean peak acceleration of the target movement significantly increased (6 × 10 minutes: 21.61 m/s2 versus 30.80 m/s2 , P = .002; 12 × 5 minutes: 18.52 m/s2 versus 29.65 m/s2 , P = .01). In both training groups, motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitudes of the trained muscle continuously increased after MP (6 × 10 min: 0.93 mV versus 1.57 mV, P = .19; 12 × 5 min: 0.90 mV versus 1.76 mV, P = .004). After the retention period, motor performance was still significantly enhanced, whereas MEP amplitudes were no longer significantly increased. Conclusions These findings do not provide evidence that in small scale motor learning the duration of practice and rest influences behavioral improvement or induction of cortical plasticity. Our study demonstrates that cortical plasticity after MP displays a dynamical time course that might be caused by different mechanisms.