Experimental investigation and thermodynamic assessment of the Cu–Sn–Ti ternary system

The Cu–Sn–Ti ternary system has been studied via experiments and thermodynamic modelling. In the experimental section, the composition of the alloys was selected based on the preliminary calculations and available literature data. Metallography, scanning electron microscopy and electron probe microanalysis were employed to analyse alloy samples prepared by arc-melting after annealing at 800 °C for 760 h. Solid phase relations at 800 °C were established. In contrast to earlier reports, the CuSn 3Ti 5 phase was interpreted as a binary intermetallic compound (Sn 3Ti 5) with extended Cu solubility. In the modelling section, three binary sub-systems were critically evaluated and updated according to the new experimental data and theoretical calculations reported in literature. According to their crystal structures and homogeneity ranges, appropriate sublattice models were proposed for SnTi 3,SnTi 2,Sn 3Ti 5 and Sn 5Ti 6. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters for the Cu–Sn–Ti ternary system was obtained by considering the present experimental results and reported experimental information. The calculated results compare with the available experimental data to validate the present thermodynamic assessment.