Sexual differentiation of the human brain: Relation to gender identity, sexual orientation and neuropsychiatric disorders

Research highlights ► Gender identity and sexual orientation are permanently programmed in the fetal brain. ► Testosterone in the fetal stage determines sexual differentiation of the human brain. ► The degree of genital masculinization does not necessarily reflect that of the brain. ► No evidence in...

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Veröffentlicht in:	Frontiers in neuroendocrinology 2011-04, Vol.32 (2), p.214-226
Hauptverfasser:	Bao, Ai-Min, Swaab, Dick F
Format:	Artikel
Sprache:	eng
Schlagworte:	Aggression Alzheimer’s disease Androgen receptor Brain - growth & development Brain - physiology Depression Endocrinology & Metabolism Estrogen receptors Gender Identity Gonadal Steroid Hormones - physiology Humans Mental Disorders - etiology Nervous System Diseases - etiology Play and Playthings Sex Differentiation Sex hormones Sexual Behavior - psychology Sexual differentiation Sexual orientation Testosterone - physiology Transsexualism - etiology
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Beschreibung
Zusammenfassung:	Research highlights ► Gender identity and sexual orientation are permanently programmed in the fetal brain. ► Testosterone in the fetal stage determines sexual differentiation of the human brain. ► The degree of genital masculinization does not necessarily reflect that of the brain. ► No evidence indicates social environment affect gender identity or sexual orientation. ► Sex differences in the brain determine sex-specific prevalence of brain disorders.
ISSN:	0091-3022 1095-6808
DOI:	10.1016/j.yfrne.2011.02.007