An anatomically based, time-domain acoustic model of the subglottal system for speech production

A time-domain model of sound wave propagation in the branching airways of the subglottal system is presented. The model is formulated as an extension to an acoustic transmission-line modeling scheme originally developed for simulating the supraglottal system in the time-domain during speech production [ Maeda ( 1982 ). Speech Commun. 1 , 199-229 ; Mokhtari et al. ( 2008 ). Speech Commun. 50 , 179-190 ]. The approach allows for predictions of time-varying acoustic pressure and volume velocity at any point along the various generations of subglottal airways from trachea to alveoli. In addition, the model can be configured so that its overall structure simulates different geometric forms, including airways that branch in a symmetric or asymmetric pattern. Three subglottal configurations, two symmetric and one asymmetric, were represented based on reported anatomical dimensions of the subglottal airways. Estimates of the acoustic input impedances of these subglottal configurations revealed resonant characteristics similar to those found in the previous studies. Simulations of voiced sound propagation into the subglottal airways, achieved by coupling the subglottal model to a two-mass vocal fold model and a supraglottal tract configured for different vowels, yielded predictions of time-domain sound pressure waveforms below the vocal folds that compare favorably to previous measurements in human subjects.