The nt- participles and the verbal adjectives in -to

The nt- participle is attested also in Luwian, where it often, but not always, appears with the extension in -i- frequent in other Luwian nominal forms, and in Hieroglyphic Luwian. Since in each case it possessed a passive meaning when belonging to transitive verbs (Friedrich 1960: 193), it seems clear that the Hittite usage was inherited from Proto- Anatolian. In this connection it was necessary to discuss the origin of each of the proposed innovations. Because of the number of such discussions required, the evidence concerning the adjectives in *-t- and *-to- was restricted to a minimum which seemed sufficient to indicate that they were indeed Indo-European innovations. [...]god-praise' would clearly refer to praise for the gods and thus could be employed to mean 'god-praising', whereas 'god-punishment' would refer to punishment by the gods and could be used to mean 'god-punished'. Since a single noun could often be used in more than one adjectival compound, the same form could sometimes be used either actively or passively in accord with the differing meanings of the elements with which it was combined, as is seen in Gk. ... 'shield-throwing, shieldthrower, deserter' and ... 'thrown forward, prominent'. There are also isolated but apparently reliable examples such as Gk. ... 'swimming' beside ... 'swimming, a fish' and Lat. mansuêtus, mansuës 'tame'. Since it seems safe to say that a number of t- adjectives were eliminated prior to their attestation by the occurrence beside them of synonymous adjectives in *-to-, it is reasonable to assume that there also exist original to- adjectives which cannot be identified in the same manner because the tforms from which they stemmed failed to survive.