TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING THE SOURCE AND DIRECTION OF CAUSAL INFLUENCE IN PANEL DATA

DESCRIBES TECHNIQUES FOR ESTIMATING THE SOURCE AND DIRECTION OF CAUSAL INFLUENCE IN PANEL DATA AND APPLIES THEM TO ILLUSTRATIVE DATA ON TEACHERS' AND PUPILS' INTERPERSONAL ATTITUDES. THE TECHNIQUES ARE LAZARSFELD'S 16-FOLD TABLE, CAMPBELL'S CROSS-LAGGED PANEL CORRELATION, AND THE AUTHORS' FREQUENCY-OF-SHIFT-ACROSS-MEDIAN AND FREQUENCY-OF-CHANGE-IN-PRODUCT-MOMENT. THE LATTER METHOD SEEMS PREFERABLE BECAUSE IT PERMITS TREATMENT OF CONTINUOUS DATA, ANALYSIS OF ALL CASES, AND A NECESSARY DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE SOURCE AND DIRECTION OF CAUSAL INFLUENCE. (30 REF.)