"INNER SPEECH" AND "EXTERNAL SPEECH": CHARACTERISTICS AND COMMUNICATION EFFECTIVENESS OF SOCIALLY AND NONSOCIALLY ENCODED MESSAGES

26 FEMALE SS SUPPLIED COLOR CHIPS WITH NAMES THAT WOULD LATER BE USED BY SS THEMSELVES TO IDENTIFY THE COLORS (NONSOCIAL ENCODING CONDITION), WHILE ANOTHER 26 WERE TOLD THAT THE NAMES WERE TO BE USED BY SOME OTHER PERSON (SOCIAL ENCODING CONDITION). 2 WK. LATER ALL SS WERE ASKED TO MATCH EACH OF 72 NAMES TO THE COLOR WHICH HAD ELICITED IT. 24 NAMES HAD BEEN GIVEN PREVIOUSLY BY SS THEMSELVES (SELF-DECODING CONDITION), 24 HAD BEEN GIVEN BY A RANDOMLY SELECTED S UNDER SOCIAL ENCODING INSTRUCTIONS (OTHER-SOCIAL DECODING CONDITION), AND 24 HAD BEEN GIVEN BY ANOTHER S UNDER NONSOCIAL INSTRUCTIONS (OTHER-NONSOCIAL DECODING CONDITION). ACCURACY IN IDENTIFYING COLORS WAS GREATEST FOR NAMES WHICH SS THEMSELVES HAD SUPPLIED, INTERMEDIATE FOR NAMES BY OTHERS UNDER SOCIAL ENCODING INSTRUCTIONS, AND LEAST FOR NAMES GIVEN BY OTHERS UNDER NONSOCIAL INSTRUCTIONS. SS USED THEIR OWN COLOR NAMES WITH EQUAL ACCURACY, REGARDLESS OF WHETHER THE NAMES HAD BEEN GIVEN UNDER SOCIAL OR NONSOCIAL INSTRUCTIONS. THE NONSOCIAL ENCODING CONDITION PRODUCED MORE LOW-FREQUENCY WORDS THAN THE SOCIAL ENCODING CONDITION; HOWEVER, THE NUMBER OF WORDS USED BY SS IN THE 2 CONDITIONS DID NOT DIFFER SIGNIFICANTLY. DATA ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEXICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF MESSAGES AND DECODING ACCURACY ARE ALSO PRESENTED. (15 REF.)