Relation between location of a motor unit in the human biceps brachii and its critical firing levels for different tasks

Critical firing levels (CFLs) of single motor units (MUs) in the long head of the human biceps brachii muscle were determined in combinations of two isometric tasks: flexion of the elbow, supination of the lower arm, and exorotation of the humerus, as well as the corresponding antagonistic tasks. The MU activity was recorded by 25-μm bipolar wire electrodes. Four main patterns of MU recruitment, related to the recording location in the muscle, were found: (i) MUs active only when flexing the elbow were located mostly laterally. (ii) MUs active only when supinating were all located medially. (iii) MUs whose CFL depended on a linear combination of flexion and supination forces were all located medially. Some of these MUs could not be recruited during pronation. (iv) Nonlinearly behaving MUs, located centrally. The relative weights of flexion and supination input were constant for all units, whose CFL depended on a linear sum of flexion and supination forces, as well as for the nonlinearly behaving units. Supination and exorotation showed equivalent CFL changes when they were combined with the flexion task. Extension did not change the CFL for supination- or exorotation tasks. No clear difference was found between the ratios of the peak twitch forces in flexion and supination direction for laterally and medially located small muscle areas or single MUs. A simple model of the motoneuron pool organization is proposed to explain our findings.