Stress analysis of the lumbar disc-body unit in compression. A three-dimensional nonlinear finite element study

It has been argued that a clarification of the mechanical causes of low-back pain requires a knowledge of the states of stress and strain throughout the lumbo-sacral spine. Since a purely experimental approach cannot provide this information, analytical model studies, to supplement measurements, are called for. In the present study, a general three-dimensional finite element program has been developed and applied for the analysis of the lumbar L2-3 disc-body unit. The analysis accounts for both the material and the geometric nonlinearities and is based on a representation of the annulus as a composite of collagenous fibers embedded in a matrix of ground substance. The geometry of the model analyzed is based on in vitro measurements. The validity of the model and the analysis procedure has been established by a comparison of those predictions that are also amenable to direct measurements, eg, the response of the disc-body unit to compressive load in terms of axial displacement, disc bulge, end-plate bulge, and intradiscal pressure. The states of stress and strain have then been computed in the cancellous bone, cortical shell, and the subchondral endplate of the intervertebral body and in the annulus fibers and ground substance of the disc when the unit is subjected to a compressive load. The results indicate that for a normal disc with an incompressible nucleus, the most vulnerable elements under compressive load are the cancellous bone and the end-plate adjacent to the nucleus space. On the other hand, for a degenerated disc, simulated in an extreme fashion by assuming it to be void of the nucleus, the analysis predicts the annulus bulk material to be also susceptible to failure. The annulus fibers do not appear to be vulnerable to rupture when the disc-body unit is subjected to pure compressive force.