Operator variables in successful hypnotherapy

Much of the literature about hypnosis focuses on description of techniques, characteristics of subjects or patients, and outcomes of hypnotherapy rather than on characteristics of the hypnotherapist. Good hypnotherapists share the characteristics of good therapists, including confidence and sensitivity, flexibility and persistence, and empathy and a realistically objective outlook. In addition, the use of hypnosis in therapy may lead to differential or intensified therapist and patient reactions, largely in the areas of countertransference and transference and in shifts in intimacy and attachment between therapist and patient. The master-apprentice model, in which beginning hypnotherapists may identify with experienced practitioners, is suggested as the way to learn clinical hypnosis. Case material is presented to illustrate operator variables and reactions.