Development of a high-throughput rubella virus infectivity assay based on viral activation of caspases

Rubella virus (RV, German measles) is a teratogenic agent that can lead to serious congenital defects after maternal infection during early pregnancy. Currently, the disease can be prevented effectively by available live attenuated vaccines. An important requisite for the manufacture and release of a safe and potent live virus vaccine is the measurement of the vaccine titer (potency), to ensure the correct dose and efficacy of the vaccine. One historical method for measuring potency is the endpoint dilution TCID 50 assay. Traditionally, RV TCID 50 titers are calculated after visual inspection of cells for presence of cytopathic effect (CPE). Such visual scoring is tedious and labor intensive. The development of a new TCID 50 readout method, based on a fluorescent molecular marker of RV-induced apoptosis, is described in this report. Further, in order to calculate TCID 50 potency a novel mathematical model was established to convert the numerical fluorescence measurements into categorical data. Finally, the assay parameters such as signal-to-noise ratio, robustness, variability and bias were optimized. This new readout method demonstrated strong concordance with the standard manual scoring of CPE, and therefore can provide a practical, objective and higher-throughput alternative to the traditional TCID 50 readout used for calculating titers of rubella virus.