Aortic and lower limb artery calcification in type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetic patients and non-diabetic control subjects: A five year follow-up study

The purpose of the present study was to assess among a representative group of middle-aged newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics and control subjects the baseline prevalence and 5-year incidence of arterial calcifications of aorta and lower limb and their relationship to cardiovascular morbidity. The relationship of baseline risk factors to the development of arterial calcifications was also studied. At the time of diagnosis the age-adjusted prevalence of aortic and lower limb intimal calcifications was higher in diabetics than in control subjects (aortic calcifications: 29 vs. 17% for men, P = 0.05; 26 vs. 19% for women, P = 0.06; lower limb intimal calcifications: 24 vs. 12% for men, P = 0.02; 10 vs. 7% for women; P = NS), whereas no significant difference in baseline prevalence of lower limb medial calcifications was observed (15 vs. 21% for men, 9 vs. 10% for women). The 5-yr incidence of aortic calcifications in both sexes and of lower limb calcifications in men was similar in diabetic and control subjects, but the incidence of lower limb calcifications was higher in diabetic women than in control women (intimal: 33 vs. 11%, P = 0.009: medial: 29 vs. 14%, P = 0.05). The baseline prevalence of abdominal aortic (37 vs. 22%, P = NS for diabetics; 42 vs. 16%, P = 0.02 for control subjects), lower limb intimal (24 vs. 16% for diabetics, P = NS; 15 vs. 7% for control subjects, P = NS) and medial calcifications (23 vs. 7% for diabetics, P = 0.03) were higher in subjects who developed intermittent claudication during the follow-up than in those free of it at the 5-yr examination. Abnormalities in VLDL-metabolism and high systolic blood pressure were associated with the development of aortic calcification in diabetic subjects. In conclusion, already at the time of diagnosis atherosclerotic calcifications are more prevalent in type 2 diabetics than in nondiabetic subjects. During the follow-up diabetic women, but not men, had higher incidence of lower limb intimal and medial calcifications than non-diabetic subjects. Arterial calcifications tended to be associated with the development of intermittent claudication during the follow-up in diabetic and control subjects.