High Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 RNA Load in the Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients with Lymphocytic Meningitis

Thirty-seven matched cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma samples from 34 human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients with suspected meningitis were analyzed for levels of HIV-1 RNA and markers of inflammation. Patients with tuberculous (n = 9) or cryptococcal (n = 6) meningitis had the highest CSF virus loads, which in many cases exceeded the levels in plasma, compared with patients with meningococcal meningitis (n = 3), aseptic meningitis (n = 8), tuberculoma (n = 2), or AIDS dementia complex (n = 4) or with normal lumbar punctures (n = 3). CSF virus load correlated significantly with the number of infiltrating lymphocytes (r = .60, P < .001) but not with plasma virus load, the levels of β2-microglobulin in the CSF, or the integrity of the blood-brain barrier. These data suggest significant intrathecal HIV-1 replication in patients with lymphocytic meningeal infections such as tuberculous and cryptococcal meningitis.