Quantitative glycohistochemistry defines new prognostic markers for cancers of the oral cavity

BACKGROUND Histopathologic grading and clinical staging cannot provide a precise prognosis of oral cavity cancer patients. The use of glycohistochemical markers may improve the level of prognostic accuracy of such conventional classification systems. METHODS Computer‐assisted microscopy was employed in a series of 40 oral cavity cancers to determine quantitatively the percentage of positive cells, the staining intensity, and the level of staining heterogeneity for 3 glycohistochemical markers, including peanut agglutinin (PNA), Thomsen‐Friedenreich antigen (T antigen) as part of a neoglycoprotein, and sarcolectin. Data were evaluated by discriminant analysis. RESULTS Although the level of differentiation (P < 0.01 to P < 0.001) and the T variable of the TNM staging system (P < 0.05 to P < 0.01) related mainly to the level of expression of the acceptor sites for PNA and the T antigen, the patient survival period (P < 0.05) was largely a fraction of the level of expression of the acceptor sites for the carrier‐immobilized T antigen and for sarcolectin. CONCLUSIONS In oral cavity cancer, determining the level of acceptor sites for PNA, T antigen, and sarcolectin provides useful information on histopathologic differentiation, clinical staging, and survival. Because these processes of determination were carried out quantitatively, a discriminant model was set up, which enabled the level of oral cavity cancer aggressiveness to be characterized precisely. The current methodology described in this article should therefore afford pathologists original and quantitative (and thus objective) prognostic markers for oral cavity cancers. Cancer 1998;82:252‐60. © 1998 American Cancer Society. The quantitative measurement of the glycohistochemical staining of peanut agglutinin, Thomsen‐Friedenreich antigen, and sarcolectin results in significant prognostic information regarding cancers of the oral cavity.