The effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical generated damage in human volunteers with "low" or "high" cholesterol levels
A human volunteer study was conducted to test the effect of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical‐mediated damage in individuals with a range of serum cholesterol levels. A group of 48 non‐smokers, 24 men and 24 women, was selected from a panel of over 100 volunteers to give as w...
Gespeichert in:
| Veröffentlicht in: | Environmental and molecular mutagenesis 1997, Vol.30 (2), p.161-174 |
|---|---|
| Hauptverfasser: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Artikel |
| Sprache: | eng |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Volltext |
| Tags: |
Tag hinzufügen
Keine Tags, Fügen Sie den ersten Tag hinzu!
|
| container_end_page | 174 |
|---|---|
| container_issue | 2 |
| container_start_page | 161 |
| container_title | Environmental and molecular mutagenesis |
| container_volume | 30 |
| creator | Anderson, D. Phillips, B.J. Yu, Tian-Wei Edwards, A.J. Ayesh, R. Butterworth, K.R. |
| description | A human volunteer study was conducted to test the effect of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical‐mediated damage in individuals with a range of serum cholesterol levels.
A group of 48 non‐smokers, 24 men and 24 women, was selected from a panel of over 100 volunteers to give as wide a range of serum cholesterol levels as possible. None of the volunteers was taking medication to control cholesterol levels and they maintained their normal dietary habits so as not to compromise their cholesterol status.
Volunteers were allocated to three groups of 16, each consisting of four males with low cholesterol levels ( |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:2<161::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-Q |
| format | Article |
| fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_cross</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_79336944</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>79336944</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4209-801686b2a3f574e42a01846af62c171e6acea19f42e8dbca7afcdf14812342483</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kd1u0zAcxSMEGmXwCEhWhdB2keKvJnFBSFs2RtFGKQx2abnJP43BiUuctOuD8L44tOrNJCRL_jo-Pjq_IBAEjwjG9M3Jt2k6PSVYJCGlCT4hQsSnDE_oOxKRyeRsehFe3oj3bIRH6ewtDeePgsFB_TgY4ESwMIoEfRo8c-4nxoRwQY-CI8GoiDgZBH9uS0BQFJC1DtkCrXWrKl2jFLlutTJQQd2qVtsa-bHQtlLNL2j-Se39dgk1alSuM2WQX0OjWshRriq1BORdyq5SNVpb09Ut9M82ui3R0NjNENkGDUu9LIcoK60B10JjDTKwBuOeB08KZRy82M_HwfcPl7fpx_B6djVNz67DjFMswgSTKIkWVLFiHHPgVGGS8EgVEc1ITCBSGSgiCk4hyReZilWR5QXhCaGMU56w4-D1znfV2N-dzyAr7TIwRtVgOydjwVgkOPfC-U6YNda5Bgq5arTvYisJlj0qKXtUsi9f9uXLHpVkWFLpUUnpUUmPSjKJZTrzp3Pv-XL_ebeoID847tn4-1f7e-V8wUWj6ky7g4wmY85j5mVfdrKNNrB9kOu_sR6m6rfeMtxZak_l_mDp0csoZvFY3n2-kl9vfpyff7oQ8o79BafGyqs</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>79336944</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>The effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical generated damage in human volunteers with "low" or "high" cholesterol levels</title><source>MEDLINE</source><source>Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete</source><creator>Anderson, D. ; Phillips, B.J. ; Yu, Tian-Wei ; Edwards, A.J. ; Ayesh, R. ; Butterworth, K.R.</creator><creatorcontrib>Anderson, D. ; Phillips, B.J. ; Yu, Tian-Wei ; Edwards, A.J. ; Ayesh, R. ; Butterworth, K.R.</creatorcontrib><description>A human volunteer study was conducted to test the effect of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical‐mediated damage in individuals with a range of serum cholesterol levels.
A group of 48 non‐smokers, 24 men and 24 women, was selected from a panel of over 100 volunteers to give as wide a range of serum cholesterol levels as possible. None of the volunteers was taking medication to control cholesterol levels and they maintained their normal dietary habits so as not to compromise their cholesterol status.
Volunteers were allocated to three groups of 16, each consisting of four males with low cholesterol levels (<6 mmol/L) matched for age and build with four males with high cholesterol levels (<6 mmol/L) and eight females matched in the same way. A three‐treatment, three‐treatment period, cross‐over design was adopted to take account of any temporal differences in response. The three treatments given were placebo, 60 mg vitamin C/day (the recommended daily allowance) and 6 g vitamin C/day. Each treatment was given for 14 days with 6 weeks between the treatment periods. All procedures were performed to the standards of Good Clinical Practice.
Blood samples were taken at the end of each treatment period. Serum was assayed for cholesterol whilst vitamin C, total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation breakdown products and ras p21 protein levels were measured in plasma. Lymphocytes were examined for DNA damage using the Comet assay and chromosome aberration test. The Comet assay was conducted with and without challenge with hydrogen peroxide and the chromosome aberration test with and without challenge with bleomycin.
Vitamin C supplementation caused a statistically significant increase in plasma vitamin C concentrations and total antioxidant capacity but did not affect cholesterol levels or ras p21 protein levels. There was a non‐significant dose‐related decrease in lipid peroxidation breakdown products with vitamin C supplementation. No effect on DNA damage was observed in the Comet assay, either with or without hydrogen peroxide challenge, or in the chromosome aberration test without bleomycin. However, a statistically significant increase in bleomycin‐induced aberrations was found after vitamin C supplementation. This may be due to effects of vitamin C on iron status. Comparison of male and female subjects showed statistically significant differences in plasma vitamin C levels, the antioxidant capacity of the plasma and the number of chromosome aberrations induced by bleomycin challenge of lymphocytes in vitro.
The results were the same for both low and high cholesterol subjects. This study provides no evidence of a beneficial effect on any of the biomarkers studied of vitamin C supplementation over a short‐term supplementation period of 2 weeks in a population of healthy, non‐smoking individuals eating a nutritionally adequate diet. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 30:161–174, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0893-6692</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1098-2280</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:2<161::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-Q</identifier><identifier>PMID: 9329641</identifier><identifier>CODEN: EMMUEG</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>New York: Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</publisher><subject>Adult ; Aged ; Antioxidants - metabolism ; Ascorbic Acid - blood ; Ascorbic Acid - therapeutic use ; Biological and medical sciences ; Bleomycin - pharmacology ; Chemical mutagenesis ; Cholesterol - blood ; Chromosome Aberrations ; comet assay ; DNA Damage ; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug ; Female ; Free Radicals ; Genetic Techniques ; human monitoring ; Humans ; Lipid Peroxidation ; lymphocytes ; Lymphocytes - drug effects ; Male ; Medical sciences ; Middle Aged ; Oxygen - metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - blood ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - drug effects ; ras ; Toxicology</subject><ispartof>Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 1997, Vol.30 (2), p.161-174</ispartof><rights>Copyright © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</rights><rights>1997 INIST-CNRS</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c4209-801686b2a3f574e42a01846af62c171e6acea19f42e8dbca7afcdf14812342483</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-2280%281997%2930%3A2%3C161%3A%3AAID-EM9%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q$$EPDF$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291098-2280%281997%2930%3A2%3C161%3A%3AAID-EM9%3E3.0.CO%3B2-Q$$EHTML$$P50$$Gwiley$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,776,780,1411,4010,27900,27901,27902,45550,45551</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=2854473$$DView record in Pascal Francis$$Hfree_for_read</backlink><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9329641$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Anderson, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phillips, B.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Tian-Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Edwards, A.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayesh, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Butterworth, K.R.</creatorcontrib><title>The effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical generated damage in human volunteers with "low" or "high" cholesterol levels</title><title>Environmental and molecular mutagenesis</title><addtitle>Environ. Mol. Mutagen</addtitle><description>A human volunteer study was conducted to test the effect of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical‐mediated damage in individuals with a range of serum cholesterol levels.
A group of 48 non‐smokers, 24 men and 24 women, was selected from a panel of over 100 volunteers to give as wide a range of serum cholesterol levels as possible. None of the volunteers was taking medication to control cholesterol levels and they maintained their normal dietary habits so as not to compromise their cholesterol status.
Volunteers were allocated to three groups of 16, each consisting of four males with low cholesterol levels (<6 mmol/L) matched for age and build with four males with high cholesterol levels (<6 mmol/L) and eight females matched in the same way. A three‐treatment, three‐treatment period, cross‐over design was adopted to take account of any temporal differences in response. The three treatments given were placebo, 60 mg vitamin C/day (the recommended daily allowance) and 6 g vitamin C/day. Each treatment was given for 14 days with 6 weeks between the treatment periods. All procedures were performed to the standards of Good Clinical Practice.
Blood samples were taken at the end of each treatment period. Serum was assayed for cholesterol whilst vitamin C, total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation breakdown products and ras p21 protein levels were measured in plasma. Lymphocytes were examined for DNA damage using the Comet assay and chromosome aberration test. The Comet assay was conducted with and without challenge with hydrogen peroxide and the chromosome aberration test with and without challenge with bleomycin.
Vitamin C supplementation caused a statistically significant increase in plasma vitamin C concentrations and total antioxidant capacity but did not affect cholesterol levels or ras p21 protein levels. There was a non‐significant dose‐related decrease in lipid peroxidation breakdown products with vitamin C supplementation. No effect on DNA damage was observed in the Comet assay, either with or without hydrogen peroxide challenge, or in the chromosome aberration test without bleomycin. However, a statistically significant increase in bleomycin‐induced aberrations was found after vitamin C supplementation. This may be due to effects of vitamin C on iron status. Comparison of male and female subjects showed statistically significant differences in plasma vitamin C levels, the antioxidant capacity of the plasma and the number of chromosome aberrations induced by bleomycin challenge of lymphocytes in vitro.
The results were the same for both low and high cholesterol subjects. This study provides no evidence of a beneficial effect on any of the biomarkers studied of vitamin C supplementation over a short‐term supplementation period of 2 weeks in a population of healthy, non‐smoking individuals eating a nutritionally adequate diet. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 30:161–174, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</description><subject>Adult</subject><subject>Aged</subject><subject>Antioxidants - metabolism</subject><subject>Ascorbic Acid - blood</subject><subject>Ascorbic Acid - therapeutic use</subject><subject>Biological and medical sciences</subject><subject>Bleomycin - pharmacology</subject><subject>Chemical mutagenesis</subject><subject>Cholesterol - blood</subject><subject>Chromosome Aberrations</subject><subject>comet assay</subject><subject>DNA Damage</subject><subject>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</subject><subject>Female</subject><subject>Free Radicals</subject><subject>Genetic Techniques</subject><subject>human monitoring</subject><subject>Humans</subject><subject>Lipid Peroxidation</subject><subject>lymphocytes</subject><subject>Lymphocytes - drug effects</subject><subject>Male</subject><subject>Medical sciences</subject><subject>Middle Aged</subject><subject>Oxygen - metabolism</subject><subject>Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - blood</subject><subject>Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - drug effects</subject><subject>ras</subject><subject>Toxicology</subject><issn>0893-6692</issn><issn>1098-2280</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>1997</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>EIF</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kd1u0zAcxSMEGmXwCEhWhdB2keKvJnFBSFs2RtFGKQx2abnJP43BiUuctOuD8L44tOrNJCRL_jo-Pjq_IBAEjwjG9M3Jt2k6PSVYJCGlCT4hQsSnDE_oOxKRyeRsehFe3oj3bIRH6ewtDeePgsFB_TgY4ESwMIoEfRo8c-4nxoRwQY-CI8GoiDgZBH9uS0BQFJC1DtkCrXWrKl2jFLlutTJQQd2qVtsa-bHQtlLNL2j-Se39dgk1alSuM2WQX0OjWshRriq1BORdyq5SNVpb09Ut9M82ui3R0NjNENkGDUu9LIcoK60B10JjDTKwBuOeB08KZRy82M_HwfcPl7fpx_B6djVNz67DjFMswgSTKIkWVLFiHHPgVGGS8EgVEc1ITCBSGSgiCk4hyReZilWR5QXhCaGMU56w4-D1znfV2N-dzyAr7TIwRtVgOydjwVgkOPfC-U6YNda5Bgq5arTvYisJlj0qKXtUsi9f9uXLHpVkWFLpUUnpUUmPSjKJZTrzp3Pv-XL_ebeoID847tn4-1f7e-V8wUWj6ky7g4wmY85j5mVfdrKNNrB9kOu_sR6m6rfeMtxZak_l_mDp0csoZvFY3n2-kl9vfpyff7oQ8o79BafGyqs</recordid><startdate>1997</startdate><enddate>1997</enddate><creator>Anderson, D.</creator><creator>Phillips, B.J.</creator><creator>Yu, Tian-Wei</creator><creator>Edwards, A.J.</creator><creator>Ayesh, R.</creator><creator>Butterworth, K.R.</creator><general>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</general><general>Wiley-Liss</general><scope>BSCLL</scope><scope>IQODW</scope><scope>CGR</scope><scope>CUY</scope><scope>CVF</scope><scope>ECM</scope><scope>EIF</scope><scope>NPM</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>7X8</scope></search><sort><creationdate>1997</creationdate><title>The effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical generated damage in human volunteers with "low" or "high" cholesterol levels</title><author>Anderson, D. ; Phillips, B.J. ; Yu, Tian-Wei ; Edwards, A.J. ; Ayesh, R. ; Butterworth, K.R.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c4209-801686b2a3f574e42a01846af62c171e6acea19f42e8dbca7afcdf14812342483</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>1997</creationdate><topic>Adult</topic><topic>Aged</topic><topic>Antioxidants - metabolism</topic><topic>Ascorbic Acid - blood</topic><topic>Ascorbic Acid - therapeutic use</topic><topic>Biological and medical sciences</topic><topic>Bleomycin - pharmacology</topic><topic>Chemical mutagenesis</topic><topic>Cholesterol - blood</topic><topic>Chromosome Aberrations</topic><topic>comet assay</topic><topic>DNA Damage</topic><topic>Dose-Response Relationship, Drug</topic><topic>Female</topic><topic>Free Radicals</topic><topic>Genetic Techniques</topic><topic>human monitoring</topic><topic>Humans</topic><topic>Lipid Peroxidation</topic><topic>lymphocytes</topic><topic>Lymphocytes - drug effects</topic><topic>Male</topic><topic>Medical sciences</topic><topic>Middle Aged</topic><topic>Oxygen - metabolism</topic><topic>Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - blood</topic><topic>Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - drug effects</topic><topic>ras</topic><topic>Toxicology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Anderson, D.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Phillips, B.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yu, Tian-Wei</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Edwards, A.J.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Ayesh, R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Butterworth, K.R.</creatorcontrib><collection>Istex</collection><collection>Pascal-Francis</collection><collection>Medline</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE (Ovid)</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>MEDLINE</collection><collection>PubMed</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>MEDLINE - Academic</collection><jtitle>Environmental and molecular mutagenesis</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Anderson, D.</au><au>Phillips, B.J.</au><au>Yu, Tian-Wei</au><au>Edwards, A.J.</au><au>Ayesh, R.</au><au>Butterworth, K.R.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>The effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical generated damage in human volunteers with "low" or "high" cholesterol levels</atitle><jtitle>Environmental and molecular mutagenesis</jtitle><addtitle>Environ. Mol. Mutagen</addtitle><date>1997</date><risdate>1997</risdate><volume>30</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>161</spage><epage>174</epage><pages>161-174</pages><issn>0893-6692</issn><eissn>1098-2280</eissn><coden>EMMUEG</coden><abstract>A human volunteer study was conducted to test the effect of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical‐mediated damage in individuals with a range of serum cholesterol levels.
A group of 48 non‐smokers, 24 men and 24 women, was selected from a panel of over 100 volunteers to give as wide a range of serum cholesterol levels as possible. None of the volunteers was taking medication to control cholesterol levels and they maintained their normal dietary habits so as not to compromise their cholesterol status.
Volunteers were allocated to three groups of 16, each consisting of four males with low cholesterol levels (<6 mmol/L) matched for age and build with four males with high cholesterol levels (<6 mmol/L) and eight females matched in the same way. A three‐treatment, three‐treatment period, cross‐over design was adopted to take account of any temporal differences in response. The three treatments given were placebo, 60 mg vitamin C/day (the recommended daily allowance) and 6 g vitamin C/day. Each treatment was given for 14 days with 6 weeks between the treatment periods. All procedures were performed to the standards of Good Clinical Practice.
Blood samples were taken at the end of each treatment period. Serum was assayed for cholesterol whilst vitamin C, total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidation breakdown products and ras p21 protein levels were measured in plasma. Lymphocytes were examined for DNA damage using the Comet assay and chromosome aberration test. The Comet assay was conducted with and without challenge with hydrogen peroxide and the chromosome aberration test with and without challenge with bleomycin.
Vitamin C supplementation caused a statistically significant increase in plasma vitamin C concentrations and total antioxidant capacity but did not affect cholesterol levels or ras p21 protein levels. There was a non‐significant dose‐related decrease in lipid peroxidation breakdown products with vitamin C supplementation. No effect on DNA damage was observed in the Comet assay, either with or without hydrogen peroxide challenge, or in the chromosome aberration test without bleomycin. However, a statistically significant increase in bleomycin‐induced aberrations was found after vitamin C supplementation. This may be due to effects of vitamin C on iron status. Comparison of male and female subjects showed statistically significant differences in plasma vitamin C levels, the antioxidant capacity of the plasma and the number of chromosome aberrations induced by bleomycin challenge of lymphocytes in vitro.
The results were the same for both low and high cholesterol subjects. This study provides no evidence of a beneficial effect on any of the biomarkers studied of vitamin C supplementation over a short‐term supplementation period of 2 weeks in a population of healthy, non‐smoking individuals eating a nutritionally adequate diet. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 30:161–174, 1997. © 1997 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.</abstract><cop>New York</cop><pub>Wiley Subscription Services, Inc., A Wiley Company</pub><pmid>9329641</pmid><doi>10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:2<161::AID-EM9>3.0.CO;2-Q</doi><tpages>14</tpages></addata></record> |
| fulltext | fulltext |
| identifier | ISSN: 0893-6692 |
| ispartof | Environmental and molecular mutagenesis, 1997, Vol.30 (2), p.161-174 |
| issn | 0893-6692 1098-2280 |
| language | eng |
| recordid | cdi_proquest_miscellaneous_79336944 |
| source | MEDLINE; Wiley Online Library Journals Frontfile Complete |
| subjects | Adult Aged Antioxidants - metabolism Ascorbic Acid - blood Ascorbic Acid - therapeutic use Biological and medical sciences Bleomycin - pharmacology Chemical mutagenesis Cholesterol - blood Chromosome Aberrations comet assay DNA Damage Dose-Response Relationship, Drug Female Free Radicals Genetic Techniques human monitoring Humans Lipid Peroxidation lymphocytes Lymphocytes - drug effects Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Oxygen - metabolism Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - blood Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras) - drug effects ras Toxicology |
| title | The effects of vitamin C supplementation on biomarkers of oxygen radical generated damage in human volunteers with "low" or "high" cholesterol levels |
| url | https://sfx.bib-bvb.de/sfx_tum?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2025-02-05T06%3A51%3A25IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-proquest_cross&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The%20effects%20of%20vitamin%20C%20supplementation%20on%20biomarkers%20of%20oxygen%20radical%20generated%20damage%20in%20human%20volunteers%20with%20%22low%22%20or%20%22high%22%20cholesterol%20levels&rft.jtitle=Environmental%20and%20molecular%20mutagenesis&rft.au=Anderson,%20D.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=161&rft.epage=174&rft.pages=161-174&rft.issn=0893-6692&rft.eissn=1098-2280&rft.coden=EMMUEG&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2280(1997)30:2%3C161::AID-EM9%3E3.0.CO;2-Q&rft_dat=%3Cproquest_cross%3E79336944%3C/proquest_cross%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&disable_directlink=true&sfx.directlink=off&sfx.report_link=0&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=79336944&rft_id=info:pmid/9329641&rfr_iscdi=true |